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AZCL-Casein I-AZCAS
Product code: I-AZCAS
€0.00

4 g

Prices exclude VAT

This product has been discontinued

Content: 4 g
Shipping Temperature: Ambient
Storage Temperature: Ambient
Physical Form: Powder
Stability: > 8 years under recommended storage conditions
Substrate For (Enzyme): Protease
Assay Format: Spectrophotometer (Semi-quantitative), Petri-dish (Qualitative)
Detection Method: Absorbance
Wavelength (nm): 590

This product has been discontinued (read more).

High purity dyed and crosslinked insoluble AZCL-Casein for identification of enzyme activities in research, microbiological enzyme assays and in vitrodiagnostic analysis.

Substrate for the assay of proteases.

We also offer other AZCL-dyed chromogenic substrates.

Documents
Certificate of Analysis
Safety Data Sheet
Application Note Assay Protocol
Publications
Publication

Exogenous xylanase or protease for pigs fed barley cultivars with high or low enzyme inhibitors.

Nørgaard, J. V., Malla, N., Dionisio, G., Madsen, C. K., Pettersson, D., Lærke, H. N., Hjortshøj, R. L. & Brinch-Pedersen, H. (2019). Animal feed science and Technology, 248, 59-66.

Xylanase and protease inhibitors in cereals may be a reason for the varying efficacy of exogenous xylanase and protease in pig diets. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of xylanase and protease on the digestibility in pigs fed three barley varieties selected to be high and low in inhibitors. The cv. Invictus (spring barley) was selected to be low in xylanase inhibitors and cv. Hejmdal (winter barley) to be low in protease inhibitors, while SJ115158 (winter barley) was high in both xylanase and protease inhibitors. Growing pigs (34 ± 3 kg) were surgically fitted with a T-cannula in the terminal ileum and allotted to a 7 × 6 Youden square design, where 7 animals were fed with 7 diets for 6 weeks. Ileal samples were collected for 8 h on day 5 and 7 of each experimental week and fecal samples were collected from the first feces excreted on the same collection days. Titanium dioxide was added to all diets as an indigestible solid phase marker for the calculation of apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). There was no consistent effect of variety or enzymes on the viscosity of ileal digesta. The ATTD of dry matter and organic matter was higher (P <  0.05) for Invictus than SJ115158, which was higher (P <  0.05) than Hejmdal. For Hejmdal, the AID of dry matter and organic matter was also lower (P <  0.05) compared to SJ115158. Supplementation of exogenous xylanase increased AID of dry matter, whereas the other evaluated components were unaffected. The ATTD of crude protein was lower (P =  0.027) for Hejmdal than for SJ115158 and exogenous protease increased (P =  0.004) ATTD of crude protein in both SJ115158 and Hejmdal. In conclusion, this study shows differences in nutrient digestibility among barley varieties and low efficacies of the selected exogenous enzymes independent of barley variety.

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Publication
Metatranscriptomics Reveals the Functions and Enzyme Profiles of the Microbial Community in Chinese Nong-Flavor Liquor Starter.

Huang, Y., Yi, Z., Jin, Y., Huang, M., He, K., Liu, D., Luo, H., Zhao, D., He, H., Fang, Y. & Zhao, H. (2017). Frontiers in Microbiology, 8, 1747.

Chinese liquor is one of the world's best-known distilled spirits and is the largest spirit category by sales. The unique and traditional solid-state fermentation technology used to produce Chinese liquor has been in continuous use for several thousand years. The diverse and dynamic microbial community in a liquor starter is the main contributor to liquor brewing. However, little is known about the ecological distribution and functional importance of these community members. In this study, metatranscriptomics was used to comprehensively explore the active microbial community members and key transcripts with significant functions in the liquor starter production process. Fungi were found to be the most abundant and active community members. A total of 932 carbohydrate-active enzymes, including highly expressed auxiliary activity family 9 and 10 proteins, were identified at 62°C under aerobic conditions. Some potential thermostable enzymes were identified at 50, 62, and 25°C (mature stage). Increased content and overexpressed key enzymes involved in glycolysis and starch, pyruvate and ethanol metabolism were detected at 50 and 62°C. The key enzymes of the citrate cycle were up-regulated at 62°C, and their abundant derivatives are crucial for flavor generation. Here, the metabolism and functional enzymes of the active microbial communities in NF liquor starter were studied, which could pave the way to initiate improvements in liquor quality and to discover microbes that produce novel enzymes or high-value added products.

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Publication
Effects of soluble dietary cellulose on specific growth rate, survival and digestive enzyme activities in three freshwater crayfish (Cherax) species.

Dammannagoda, L. K., Pavasovic, A., Hurwood, D. A. & Mather, P. B. (2015). Aquaculture Research, 46(3), 626-636.

The current study evaluated the effect of soluble dietary cellulose on growth, survival and digestive enzyme activity in three endemic, Australian freshwater crayfish species (redclaw: Cherax quadricarinatus, marron: C. tenuimanus, yabby: C. destructor). Separate individual feeding trials were conducted for late-stage juveniles from each species in an automated recirculating freshwater, culture system. Animals were fed either a test diet (TD) that contained 20% soluble cellulose or a reference diet (RD) substituted with the same amount of corn starch, over a 12-week period. Redclaw fed with RD showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) specific growth rates (SGR) compared with animals fed the TD, while SGR of marron and yabby fed the two diets were not significantly different. Expressed cellulase activity levels in redclaw were not significantly different between diets. Marron and yabby showed significantly higher cellulase activity when fed the RD (P < 0.05). Amylase and protease activity in all three species were significantly higher in the animals fed with RD (P < 0.05). These results indicate that test animals of all three species appear to utilize starch more efficiently than soluble dietary cellulose in their diet. The inclusion of 20% soluble cellulose in diets did not appear, however, to have a significant negative effect on growth rates.

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Publication
Characterization of a new oxidant-stable serine protease isolated by functional metagenomics.

Biver, S., Portetelle, D. & Vandenbol, M. (2013). SpringerPlus, 2(1), 410.

A novel serine protease gene, SBcas3.3, was identified by functional screening of a forest-soil metagenomic library on agar plates supplemented with AZCL-casein. Overproduction in Escherichia coli revealed that the enzyme is produced as a 770-amino-acid precursor which is processed to a mature protease of ~55 kDa. The latter was purified by affinity chromatography for characterization with the azocasein substrate. The enzyme proved to be an alkaline protease showing maximal activity between pH 9 and 10 and at 50°C. Treatment with the chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid irreversibly denatured the protease, whose stability was found to depend strictly on calcium ions. The enzyme appeared relatively resistant to denaturing and reducing agents, and its activity was enhanced in the presence of 10 ml/l nonionic detergent (Tween 20, Tween 80, or Triton X-100). Moreover, SBcas3.3 displayed oxidant stability, a feature particularly sought in the detergent and bleaching industries. SBcas3.3 was activated by hydrogen peroxide at concentrations up to 10 g/l and it still retained 30% of activity in 50 g/l H2O2.

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Publication
A novel antifungal Pseudomonas fluorescens isolated from potato soils in Greenland.

Michelsen, C. F. & Stougaard, P. (2011). Current Microbiology, 62(4), 1185-1192.

A rhizobacterium with high antifungal activity was isolated from a potato field at Inneruulalik, South Greenland. Phylogenetic analysis based on multi locus sequence typing showed that the bacterium was affiliated with strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens. The bacterium, denoted as Pseudomonas fluorescens In5, inhibited in vitro a broad range of phytopathogenic fungi, and the antifungal activity increased with decreasing temperature. Microcosm experiments demonstrated that P. fluorescens In5 protected tomato seedlings from Rhizoctonia solani. Transposon mutagenesis showed that the major cause for the antifungal activity of P. fluorescens In5 was a novel non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS) gene. In addition, transposon mutagenesis showed that P. fluorescens In5 also contained a putative quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase gene, which was involved in growth inhibition of phytopathogenic fungi. Although P. fluorescens In5 contained the capacity to synthesize hydrogen cyanide, β-1,3-glucanase, protease, and chitinase, these did not seem to play a role in the in vitro and microcosm antifungal assays.

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Publication
Purification, characterization, and gene cloning of an alkaline serine protease from a highly virulent strain of the nematode-endoparasitic fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis.

Wang, B., Liu, X., Wu, W., Liu, X. & Li, S. (2009). Microbiological Research, 164(6), 665-673.

Hirsutella rhossiliensis OWVT-1 has substantial potential as a biocontrol agent against plant-parasitic nematodes. Serine proteases have emerged as a potentially useful factor in the nematode–fungus interactions. When grown in liquid culture with the nematode Panagrellus redivivus as the sole nitrogen source, an extracellular alkaline protease (Hasp) was produced by the OWVT-1. The purified Hasp killed the juveniles of the soybean-cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) and degraded proteins of the nematode cuticle. The molecular mass of Hasp was estimated to be 33 kDa. The optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity were pH 9 and 75°C. The amino acid sequence obtained by the N-terminal sequence analysis was applied for the primer design to isolate the Hasp cDNA gene, which consists of 1170 bp open reading frame. Analysis of the cDNA and corresponding genomic sequence revealed that Hasp included four exons (279, 186, 513, and 192 bp) divided by three introns (65, 99, and 93 bp). Southern blotting showed that Hasp was a single-copy gene in the genome. The deduced amino acid sequence was very similar to other serine proteases of endoparasitic and egg-parasitic fungi of nematodes and of entomopathogenic fungi but was less similar to the serine proteases of nematode-trapping fungi. In a phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences of serine proteases, the serine protease of H. rhossiliensis OWVT-1 clustered with the serine proteases of parasites of nematode eggs rather than with those of the trapping fungi.

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Publication

Cold-adaptation and alkaline hydrolytic proprieties of the polar streptomycetes prediction on plate assay, based on insoluble chromogenic substrates with azurine cross-linked.

Cotarlet, M., Negoită, T., Bahrim, G. & Stougaard, P. (2008). Annals of the University Dunarea de Jos of Galati. Fascicle VI--Food Technology, 1(31).

A semi-qualitative screening based on protease and amylase activity evaluation in a basal agar medium supplemented with insoluble chromogenic substrates based on AZCL (Azurine-Crosslinked with amylose or casein) using a plate assay was used for selecting the polar streptomycetes able to produce cold actives and alkaline amylases and proteases. This technique provides a specific and rapid simultaneous detection of high active hydrolase producing strains based on the visible solubilization of small particles of AZCL and the formation of haloes on plates. It has a great potential in increasing the efficacy of screening streptomycetes able to produce hydrolytic enzymes. This study revealed the potential of the selected streptomycetes isolated from polar soils to biosynthesize amylases and proteases cold-adapted at low temperatures (from 5 to 20°C) and alkaline pH values (8 to 9).

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Publication
Towards a molecular understanding of symbiont function: identification of a fungal gene for the degradation of xylan in the fungus gardens of leaf-cutting ants.

Schiøtt, M., Licht, H. H. D. F., Lange, L. & Boomsma, J. J. (2008). BMC Microbiology, 8(1), 40.

Background: Leaf-cutting ants live in symbiosis with a fungus that they rear for food by providing it with live plant material. Until recently the fungus' main inferred function was to make otherwise inaccessible cell wall degradation products available to the ants, but new studies have shed doubt on this idea. To provide evidence for the cell wall degrading capacity of the attine ant symbiont, we designed PCR primers from conserved regions of known xylanase genes, to be used in PCR with genomic DNA from the symbiont as template. We also measured xylanase, cellulase and proteinase activities in the fungus gardens in order to investigate the dynamics of degradation activities. Results: We cloned a xylanase gene from the mutualistic fungus of Acromyrmex echinatior, determined its protein sequence, and inserted it in a yeast expression vector to confirm its substrate specificity. Our results show that the fungus has a functional xylanase gene. We also show by lab experiments in vivo that the activity of fungal xylanase and cellulase is not evenly distributed, but concentrated in the lower layer of fungus gardens, with only modest activity in the middle layer where gongylidia are produced and intermediate activity in the newly established top layer. This vertical distribution appears to be negatively correlated with the concentration of glucose, which indicates a directly regulating role of glucose, as has been found in other fungi and has been previously suggested for the ant fungal symbiont. Conclusion: The mutualistic fungus of Acromyrmex echinatior has a functional xylanase gene and is thus presumably able to at least partially degrade the cell walls of leaves. This finding supports a saprotrophic origin of the fungal symbiont. The observed distribution of enzyme activity leads us to propose that leaf-substrate degradation in fungus gardens is a multi-step process comparable to normal biodegradation of organic matter in soil ecosystems, but with the crucial difference that a single fungal symbiont realizes most of the steps that are normally provided by a series of microorganisms that colonize fallen leaves in a distinct succession.

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Publication
Influence of dietary protein on digestive enzyme activity, growth and tail muscle composition in redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (von Martens).

Pavasovic, A., Anderson, A. J., Mather, P. B. & Richardson, N. A. (2007). Aquaculture Research, 38(6), 644-652.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary protein on digestive enzyme profiles, growth and tail muscle composition in the freshwater redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus. Crayfish were fed five diets that consisted of a commercial crayfish pellet and experimental diets containing 13%, 18%, 25% or 32% crude protein (CP), for a period of 12 weeks. Analysis of digestive enzyme profiles from the midgut gland (MG) revealed a positive correlation between protease, amylase and cellulase activities and dietary protein level. For all treatments, carbohydrase activity levels (cellulase and amylase) were significantly higher than those detected for protease. As dietary protein was elevated, there was a general increase in specific growth rate (SGR), with the highest SGR (0.58 ± 0.06) values observed in crayfish fed the diet containing 25% CP. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) ranged between 5.84 and 6.97 and did not differ significantly among the treatment groups including the reference diet, with the exception of the low-protein diet (13% CP) which showed an FCR of 9.31. Finally, regression analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between the level of dietary protein and CP content in the tail muscle (P=0.004; r2) =0.99).

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Purification and characterization of a neutral serine protease with nematicidal activity from Hirsutella rhossiliensis.

Wang, B., Wu, W. & Liu, X. (2007). Mycopathologia, 163(3), 169-176.

Serine protease plays an important role in fungal infection to invertebrate hosts. An extracellular protease (Hnsp) was detected in liquid culture of Hirsutella rhossiliensis OWVT-1 with nematodes (Panagrellus redivivus) as the unique nitrogen source and purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulphate precipitation, anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Its molecular mass was about 32 kDa, and the optimal reaction pH value and temperature were pH 7 and 40°C, respectively. The Hnsp activity was stable at pH 6–8 and decreased radically at 50°C for 10 min. Hnsp was highly sensitive to inhibitor of PMSF and well decomposed the substrate N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-p-nitroanilide, suggesting that it belonged to the chymotrypsin/subtilisin of serine proteases. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of Hnsp was SVTDQQGADCGLARISHRE, which showed high homology with other serine proteases from nematophagous fungi. Ability to kill nematode and degrade its cuticle in vitro indicated that Hnsp could be involved in the infection of nematode.

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